Industrial Revolution
Introduction
The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century in England, with the mechanization of production systems. While in the Middle Ages the craft was how to produce more used in the modern age has changed everything. The industrial bourgeoisie, eager for higher profits, lower costs and accelerated production, sought alternatives to improve the production of goods. We can also point the population growth, which has brought greater demand for products and goods.
Pioneering english
England was the country that took the lead in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. This fact can be explained by several factors. The UK has large coal reserves in the subsoil, that is, the main source of energy to move the machines and steam locomotives. In addition to the energy source, the British had large reserves of iron ore, the main raw material used in this period. The labor force available in abundance (from the Law of the Land enclosures), also favored to England because there was a mass of workers seeking employment in the English towns of the eighteenth century. The English bourgeoisie had enough capital to finance factories, buy raw materials and machinery and hire employees. The English consumer market may also be highlighted as an important factor that contributed to the pioneering English.
Technology Advances
The eighteenth century was marked by great technological leap in transport and machinery. The steam engine, especially the giant looms, has revolutionized the way of producing. On the one hand the machine replaced man, generating thousands of unemployed, the other dropped the price of goods and accelerated the pace of production.
Important advances in transportation
In the transportation area, we can highlight the invention of steam locomotives (maria smoke) and steam trains. With these means of transport, could carry more goods and people in a shorter time and lower costs.
Factory
The factories of the Industrial Revolution did not have the best working environments. The conditions of the factories were abysmal. They were buildings with poor lighting, hidden and dirty. The wages received by workers were very low and came to employ child labor and women. Employees came to work up to 18 hours a day and were subject to physical punishment of the bosses. There was no labor rights, for example, vacation, Christmas bonus, sick pay, paid weekly rest or any other benefit. When unemployed, were without any aid and went through precarious situations.
Reaction workers
In many parts of Europe, workers have organized to fight for better working conditions. Employees of factories formed the trade unions (a kind of trade unions) in order to improve the working conditions of employees. There was also more violent movements, for example, the playfulness. Also known as "machine breakers", the Luddites invaded factories and destroyed their equipment in a form of protest and dissent in relation to employees' lives. Chartism was milder in the form of action, it opted for politics, winning a number of political rights for workers.
Concept Manufacturing
Manufacturing is a manufacturing system of a large number of products in a standardized manner and in series. This process can be used only their hands (as was done before the Industrial Revolution) or with the use of machines as now occurs after the Industrial Revolution.
Although the term manufacturing arose related to manual work, now we use the term "artifact" to refer to goods produced on an industrial scale, ie with the use of machines.
The term manufacturing is also used for the local production of industrialized goods, ie the factory.
Manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was an important step in the process of production of goods. The only manual labor was replaced by the use of machines, resulting in the production of more products in less time. In addition to the machines, the manufacture has to be characterized by the use of the work in series (in stages) and specialized (each worker performing an action).
Technological advances machines
- 1765: the Scottish engineer James Watt improves the efficiency of the steam engine to enter the condenser at the Newcomen engine.
- 1768: English inventor Sir Richard Arkwright creates a spinning machine for the advanced, significantly increasing productivity
- 1793: The American engineer creates the Eli Whitney cotton gin.
Conclusion
The Revolution became the methods of production more efficient. The products started to be produced more quickly, reducing the price and stimulating consumption. On the other hand, also increased the number of unemployed. The machines were replaced, gradually, the labor of human labor. Environmental pollution, increased noise pollution, the rural exodus and overcrowded cities also have harmful consequences for society. Even today, unemployment is a major problem in developing countries. Creating jobs has become one of the biggest challenges for governments around the world. Jobs repetitive and low-skilled have been replaced by machines and robots. Companies seeking well-qualified professionals to fill jobs that demand more creativity and multiple capabilities. Even in developed countries has been lacking jobs for the population.
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