Articles [General Reference]

When I was undergoing the 41st Staff College course at Wellington, part of the curriculum was the wars fought by the British Indian army in the North West Frontier ( Now part of Pakistan). One of the most famous battles worth study is the Battle of...

The Second World War is over, but historians are still studying it and coming up with new revelations. One fact that emerged after the war is the sad end of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.  Who was Erwin Rommel? He was the most celebrated of the...

Background The Indian army , earlier known as the British Indian army has a checkered history of over 200 years. The East India Company the fore runner of the Raj, established the British Indian army by recruiting local Indians. However the...

' Razakar' is an infamous word, because of its association with rape and killings in Hyderabad and East Pakistan. The word is derived from Arabic and means 'volunteer' and has an ancient past. Razakars were soldiers who fought alongside Mohammed,...

Kashmir is India's northernmost state, but it is divided into 3 parts and India only controls about 45% of the area as the rest of the area is under occupation of China and Pakistan. Historically Kashmir was part of the Mughul Empire and later...

Kashmir is the Northernmost state of India and the only Muslim majority as well. It has 3 distinct regions namely the valley( 95% Muslim), Jammu(80% Hindu) and Ladakh (75% Buddhist). The ruler of this state at the time of independence in 1947 was...

The communist movement is dead and gone in Russia as it collapsed under the weight of its own contradictions. In 1917 Lenin led a  revolution against Czar Nicholas II and overthrew him. Lenin established a 'dictatorship of...

Background Before we can discuss the problem created by the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1947-48, we have to have a look at history. Hyderabad state  was the biggest state in India, but it had a majority Hindu population( 93%), but a Muslim ruler....

Pakistan was created by an act of the British parliament and came into existence on 14 August 1947. It was created from the Indian state and the  assets were also divided in the ratio of 2:1. The old British Indian army was also divided and...

“Bottle, bottle everywhere; not a single one to provide water” Bottled water is the present era acquisition of safe drinking water to homes and offices and practically everywhere. The bottle comes in many sizes ranging from 200 ml to 30 liters. It...