The adhesive in liquid state should have less surface tension than the substrate. The substrate must be sufficiently rugged, surface roughness must be of the order of a micron. The viscosity and adhesive application conditions should be such that the roughness of the substrate is completely wet. If aggressive half is expected to be ensured the ability of covalent bonds as these contribute to the stability of atoms combined.
Structural Adhesives: those who bear burdens greater than the weight of the adhesive. Eg sections of aircraft wings, basic body parts of vehicles. Adhesives support: they must support only the weight of the members. Eg tile adhesives, etc. Adhesives, Sealants: preventing fluid passage of a board through sealants for body joints, for windshield, etc. Stability to heat: Thermoplastic adhesives are those, which soften and flow when heated and solidify when cooled. Thermoset Adhesives: do not soften when heated, may char if they are heated to high temperatures but do not flow.
According to Chemical Composition: Sources animals include various types of glues animal protein for the longest time used for the bonding of wooden objects, obtained from hides and bones) and tails of casein (milk protein: practically insoluble in water, are used in the stuck packet of cigarettes and paper tapes, labels and moisture resistant packaging industry. Plant Sources: based adhesives include starches (carbohydrates: hot water so the paste) or dextrin (depolymerization of starch) maize is the major source of adhesives based on carbohydrates, used in the manufacture of cartons Corrugated, corrugated and other paper products have poor cohesiveness and poor water resistance. Also, the natural rubber and asphalt adhesives. Synthetic: based on materials developed by the chemical industry. According to the curing methods: Solidification (sealants or paraffin wax base).
Evaporation of solvent (rubber based cements and white tails). By chemical reaction: Being stronger than most modern adhesives, animal glues are still used in the restoration of wood and traditional joinery, as well as some painting techniques. Once thickened in water and heated water-bath, used in hot and gel on cooling. In carpentry, water solubility makes reversible, thus rectifying the same glue. In painting, are used both for priming canvases and boards as the development of tempera paintings, and of course in traditional techniques of gilding to the queue.
Animal glues are distinguished by their different degrees of adhesiveness and elasticity, but in any case, we should aim to prepare castings with the minimum concentration required in order to avoid risks of tension or stress in the glued materials. As an example, 40 grams of rabbit skin glue in a quart of water is sufficient to prepare a canvas primer and 60 g in one liter of water to make a painting in tempera, queue for water in water gilding are often used 70 g per liter. For gluing pieces of wood, however, we recommend glue or glue swell cartilage in water, then add more water while it heats up the solution of a loose drain a wooden spoon. The adhesives or glues are those substances capable of joining other substances by surface contact.
They can be classified according to type in: adhesives, inorganic and organic adhesives, among the latter are the natural and synthetic. The cold glue adhesive is organic, synthetic, specifically emulsion is a milky-looking liquid that has tiny suspended particles of oil or resin, polyvinyl acetate or polyvinyl acrylate (PVA) more additives which serve to give special characteristics such as adhesiveness, open time, drying time, color, smell and pH (acidity). The additives used are varied and depend on the specific product characteristics, but overall, the most commonly used are: plasticizers, colorants, buffer type solutions and resins.
Adhesives in general: Most adhesives allow bonding to fill tiny holes and cracks that exist normally on any surface, even very smooth. Adhesives are economic, distribute the tension on the junction, resist moisture and corrosion and eliminate the need for rivets and screws. Its effectiveness depends on several factors, such as resistance to shrinkage and detachment, the malleability, the adhesive force and surface tension, which determine the degree of penetration of glue on the tiny depressions on the mating surfaces. Adhesives vary the purpose for which will be used. Currently, these targets include the growing use of adhesives in surgery and dentistry. Natural adhesives have been replaced in many applications by synthetic, but are still used in large quantities starches, gums, cellulose, bitumen and natural rubber cements.
Among the organic adhesives derived from natural proteins are the tails (sticky solids) made of collagen, a component of bones and connective tissues of mammals and fish, the tail of the blood albumin, used in industry wood veneer, and a tail made of casein, a milk protein, which is used for gluing wood and paint. Among the glue is vegetable starches and dextrin derived from corn, wheat, potatoes (potatoes) and rice, which are used to glue paper, wood and fabric, certain gums such as gum arabic, agar and algin, when are wet adhesion to provide certain products such as seals, stamps and envelopes gummed cellulose adhesives, used to paste leather, fabric and paper, rubber cement, and resins such as tar and putty. Synthetic adhesives, whether used alone or as modifiers of natural adhesives, have better performance and wider application range of natural products.
Most of them contain polymers, which are large molecules composed of a large number of simple molecules that form strong networks linking chains and surfaces in a firm bond. Thermosetting adhesives, which become hard and solid heat resistant by the addition of a catalyst or heat application, are used to glue metal parts for aircraft and space vehicles. Thermoplastic resins, which may soften with heat, are used to glue wood, glass, rubber or rubber, metal and paper products. Elastomeric adhesives, rubber cements as natural or synthetic, are used to stick to rigid materials, flexible materials.
Types of adhesives
Wet Adhesives: The wet adhesive applied to only one of the pieces to be joined and immediately it is attached to the second piece. The pieces must be fixed, and that adherence occurs only once the solvents have evaporated. In the case of so-called solvent-free adhesives, the carrier material is water. Materials open pores favor the drying of wet adhesives. Contact Adhesives: Contact adhesives are applied at both joints. After drying time, which may vary according to each solvent, the pieces are brought together to exert strong clamping pressure. The pieces are immediately connected and the workpiece can be quickly put to the effort. Reactive adhesives: Reactive adhesives are adhesives that cure by chemical reaction rate, physical or catalytic.
According to the type of reaction can consist of one or two components. The adhesives are single component adhesives, depending on the type, they react by humidity, ultraviolet light or atmospheric oxygen (aerobic adhesives) or, in absence of air, for example, metal ions (anaerobic adhesives). In the case of single component adhesives, the glue is applied on one side of the seam. The reaction begins immediately upon contact with the second active component present in the environment or on the bonding surface. The two-component adhesives are adhesives, by type, consisting of liquid components, paste or powder. Generally, the ingredients should be mixed exactly in the mixing ratio indicated. For use is only available a limited period (time from liquid).
Curing begins immediately. The curing time also depends on the type of glue and room temperature. The gluing must be fixed until it is fully hardened. Hot melt glue: The hot melt adhesives can be applied in the form of cartridges, bar, powder, granular, network or movie. They contain no solvents, usually not required or dosing mixing processes. The hot melt adhesives are melted by heat. This can occur in the same joint (eg ironing strips glued) or using a glue gun whereby the hot glue is applied on the parts to be joined. The thermo adhesive melt at temperatures between 110 ° C and greater than 220 ° C (in other systems).
Stickers: The stickers are products that retain their power permanently adhesive. These permanent adhesive materials can be applied where there is no intention of long-term bonding, but later you want to take off again. The stickers find application mainly in adhesive tapes and bands, banded and double-sided adhesive pads, as well as notes, self-adhesive labels and plastic sheets.
Hot Cola: It is derived from collagen, a protein that forms the cartilaginous tissue of joints. Its use is very old. It is probably the oldest glue has been used. It has been found even use the furniture found in Egyptian tombs, and has been used continuously in the development of instruments to the "discovery" of plastic and vinyl glue. Began to fall into disuse product of haste (cheaper) in mass production and its use requires certain precautions and care for optimum results in your strength and stability.
Much of this optimization in the aggregate in small amounts of some substances (vary according to function requiring) that enhance properties such as hardness, elasticity, impermeability, resistance, etc.. For its use and application uses a "last place" which is a small container that fits under pressure into a larger one containing water. This goes straight to the fire, which keeps the queue at a temperature not to exceed one hundred degrees centigrade (essential for it not to burn), its application is hot which increases the dilation of the pores of the wood, which also usually slightly favoring heat absorption. Hardness should also be stressed by drying, which favors understand driving frequencies.
The means of adhesive bonding is a technique to collect materials in recent years proved it can replace or complement to conventional methods such as the joints with nails, or other programs, in numerous applications. The strength and durability of structures connected on airplanes frameworks and assemblies has been demonstrated through the years, but the extent of this experience to other practical uses this still comparatively diminished or restricted by other joining methods. To be clear, screws, nails and programs still dominate the field of marine structures and domestic, also many products mass production involving metal fittings depends on mechanical joints 50 years ago as the only commercially important adhesives were those that were obtained from animals or other natural products whose use dates back centuries. Currently and since 1900 the adhesives from plants and trees have found a wide range of applications, especially on porous materials like paper. Adhesives "Casein" were widely used in World War I military aircraft, but found to have limited resistance in humid environments and the effect of fungal growth. The progressive and rapid increase in the use of adhesives in the industry was mainly due to the development of synthetic resins, which have the limitations of natural products and whose benefit is that unions can generate metals and other materials without porosity.
The first major synthetic resin was the "Phenol" which was widely used to connect tin or tin plates. The Second World War saw the development of epoxy resins for bonding of metal structures on aircraft, and since then many kinds of synthetic resins and rubbers have been developed. Unions by means of adhesives are considered of great importance for the binding of metals and a wide range of materials and are used to an endless number of purposes. This increased use of adhesives has taken place in non-structural applications such as general engineering products, like shoes and packing industry.
(Natural adhesives, epoxies, solvents, adhesives, cell adhesion, due to their advantages in numerous applications, glues or adhesives offer new possibilities for low cost buildings. These should be considered as a complementary method to other methods of attachment, and can be used in conditions of need and economic benefit to marginalized sectors. For example, the weight of a product is vital for a product designer and can easily affect the cost of it, so the use of adhesives complemented the use of screws and nails significantly reduces the size and quantity of the same, reducing her see the weight. At present, the engineering design guidelines seek to familiarize the designer with a variety of applications on the use of adhesive materials and bonding processes, keeping in mind that their effectiveness goes hand in hand with knowledge of their advantages and limitations and involves new concepts of design and production.
Advantages and disadvantages of bonding with adhesives
Benefits achieved by the use of adhesives: Depending on the type of adhesive used, the design of joints, method of application and function you need to fulfill, the bonding will be able to offer the following advantages:
The ability to bond a wide range of materials, whose qualities may vary in composition, deformation and expansion coefficients, elastic modulus, thickness, etc..
The elimination of those irregular surfaces and contours surface generated by the methods of attachment such as bolts and nails, providing a better looking finish in the process of assembly. The manufacture of complex shapes where conventional methods binding are not applicable A more uniform distribution of stress over the area adhesive application, with the minimization of stress areas concentrated as those generated by the screws and nails. With often able to use thinner materials without the loss of resistance, saving weight and cost. Weight reduction through the elimination of metal fittings such as bolts, screws and nails. The possibility of joining heat-sensitive materials, generating bonding by means of pressure.
The advantage of the sealing and insulation properties of unions by means of adhesives against moisture and chemicals. Adhesive layers can act as insulation against electricity, heat, sound and even more can reduce or prevent galvanic corrosion between metals that are similar. The reduction in production costs in the process of manufacturing and assembly, through the reduction of material requirements, reduced weight and elimination of other operations such as drilling with drill, in the case of the screw, the elimination of the hammering, in the case of nails, etc. Perseverance service adhesive joints over time are unknown in severe weather conditions. The heat, radiation, chemicals and bio-degradation can cause destruction of the adhesive.
Adhesives Materials And Their Properties
The adhesives can be classified in many ways, considering that each different type of formula can be defined in terms of:
A. - The materials to be joined.
B. - The physical form of the adhesive.
C. - Methods of adhesion.
D. - The mechanical properties exerted at the junction.
E. - Its durability and service.
They may also be classified in terms of major chemical components that make up and although that is the less information classification given to the designer, is the most commonly used. The classification of adhesives according to the range of materials that are able to bind is not fully applicable to plastics and rubbers due to changes in adhesion properties that can be found within specific members in each class, for example, an adhesive that is suitable for copper is not necessarily suitable for steel will. The tables included in their lists of different materials bonded with adhesives or similar recommendations identified by its chemical composition, have a limited use or value and can be misleading.
Physical form of adhesive materials
The adhesive materials are available in a wide range of physical forms, and for a particular type of application choices or decisions are primarily dictated by considerations of assembly, cost of design and capabilities of the manufacturing industry. The adhesive film/foil piece is a newly developed, been increasing use in structural construction. This type of adhesive is available either in the form of a pressure sensitive material or one that depends on liquid solvents or heat to the material so there will grip. In the practice of structural construction works, the combination of heat and pressure methods for drying are generally required. In general, adhesive film / foil produce uniformity in the thickness and distribution of adhesive in the joint area, restricting it to a specific area and allocated. High performance liquid and low density: Most formulas that exist in this state, or dispersions are aqueous solvents or postings. These are simple applied with the possibility of having a viscosity control by the user.
Pasta or Nursery The material in this way is appropriate for mass production applications where they are needed vacuum features filled sink. A wide variety of consistencies are obtainable from this material. Film/Print: This material is restricted in use to smooth surfaces and uniform and is characterized by easy and quick to low waste as well as in the uniform thickness and distribution of adhesive. Powder Material on this form must be mixed with liquids or are heat should be applied to allow the dust to reach its liquid state. Some types contain latent catalysts that are active during the drying process at high temperatures. In general, powders are economic forms of adhesives, with extensive life. Granules, scepters, bucket, and other solid forms. These are convenient ways for easy application and drying for particular functions.
Introduction
The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century in England, with the mechanization of production systems. While in the Middle Ages the craft was how to produce more used in the modern age has changed everything. The industrial bourgeoisie, eager for higher profits, lower costs and accelerated production, sought alternatives to improve the production of goods. We can also point the population growth, which has brought greater demand for products and goods.
Pioneering english
England was the country that took the lead in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. This fact can be explained by several factors. The UK has large coal reserves in the subsoil, that is, the main source of energy to move the machines and steam locomotives. In addition to the energy source, the British had large reserves of iron ore, the main raw material used in this period. The labor force available in abundance (from the Law of the Land enclosures), also favored to England because there was a mass of workers seeking employment in the English towns of the eighteenth century. The English bourgeoisie had enough capital to finance factories, buy raw materials and machinery and hire employees. The English consumer market may also be highlighted as an important factor that contributed to the pioneering English.
Technology Advances
The eighteenth century was marked by great technological leap in transport and machinery. The steam engine, especially the giant looms, has revolutionized the way of producing. On the one hand the machine replaced man, generating thousands of unemployed, the other dropped the price of goods and accelerated the pace of production.
Important advances in transportation
In the transportation area, we can highlight the invention of steam locomotives (maria smoke) and steam trains. With these means of transport, could carry more goods and people in a shorter time and lower costs.
Factory
The factories of the Industrial Revolution did not have the best working environments. The conditions of the factories were abysmal. They were buildings with poor lighting, hidden and dirty. The wages received by workers were very low and came to employ child labor and women. Employees came to work up to 18 hours a day and were subject to physical punishment of the bosses. There was no labor rights, for example, vacation, Christmas bonus, sick pay, paid weekly rest or any other benefit. When unemployed, were without any aid and went through precarious situations.
Reaction workers
In many parts of Europe, workers have organized to fight for better working conditions. Employees of factories formed the trade unions (a kind of trade unions) in order to improve the working conditions of employees. There was also more violent movements, for example, the playfulness. Also known as "machine breakers", the Luddites invaded factories and destroyed their equipment in a form of protest and dissent in relation to employees' lives. Chartism was milder in the form of action, it opted for politics, winning a number of political rights for workers.
Concept Manufacturing
Manufacturing is a manufacturing system of a large number of products in a standardized manner and in series. This process can be used only their hands (as was done before the Industrial Revolution) or with the use of machines as now occurs after the Industrial Revolution.
Although the term manufacturing arose related to manual work, now we use the term "artifact" to refer to goods produced on an industrial scale, ie with the use of machines.
The term manufacturing is also used for the local production of industrialized goods, ie the factory.
Manufacturing in the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was an important step in the process of production of goods. The only manual labor was replaced by the use of machines, resulting in the production of more products in less time. In addition to the machines, the manufacture has to be characterized by the use of the work in series (in stages) and specialized (each worker performing an action).
Technological advances machines
- 1765: the Scottish engineer James Watt improves the efficiency of the steam engine to enter the condenser at the Newcomen engine.
- 1768: English inventor Sir Richard Arkwright creates a spinning machine for the advanced, significantly increasing productivity
- 1793: The American engineer creates the Eli Whitney cotton gin.
Conclusion
The Revolution became the methods of production more efficient. The products started to be produced more quickly, reducing the price and stimulating consumption. On the other hand, also increased the number of unemployed. The machines were replaced, gradually, the labor of human labor. Environmental pollution, increased noise pollution, the rural exodus and overcrowded cities also have harmful consequences for society. Even today, unemployment is a major problem in developing countries. Creating jobs has become one of the biggest challenges for governments around the world. Jobs repetitive and low-skilled have been replaced by machines and robots. Companies seeking well-qualified professionals to fill jobs that demand more creativity and multiple capabilities. Even in developed countries has been lacking jobs for the population.
The Industrial Revolution - History of the Industrial Revolution
It begins in England in the mid eighteenth century. It is characterized by the passage of the manufacturing engineering industry. Introducing manufacturing machines multiplies the earned income and increases the overall production. England's industrialization advances in 50 years in relation to mainland Europe and come out ahead in colonial expansion.
Process Technology
The invention of machines and mechanisms such as moving the shuttle, the production of iron, coking coal, the steam engine, the spinner and mechanical loom cause a productive revolution. With the application of motive power to machinery factories, mechanization is spreading in textiles and mining. The plants start to produce in series and comes in heavy industry (steel and machinery). The invention of ships and steam locomotives accelerates the movement of goods.
Businessmen and Workers
The new industrial system transforms social relations and creates two new classes that are fundamental to the operation of the system. Entrepreneurs (capitalists) is the owners of capital, buildings, machinery, raw materials and goods produced by labor. The workers, employees or workers, have only their labor power and sell the business to produce goods in exchange for wages.
Labor Exploitation
At the beginning of the revolution employers impose harsh working conditions for workers without increasing wages, to increase productivity and provide a profit margin increased. Discipline is strict but the conditions do not always provide security. In some factories the journey over 15 hours, breaks and holidays are not met and women and children have different treatment.
Workers Movements
Arise from conflicts between workers, angered by the appalling working conditions, and entrepreneurs. The onset of predation are machinery and plants. Over time organizations are going to workers in that area.
Unionism
Results for a long process in which workers gradually gain the right of association. In 1824, England, are created the first self-help centers and training. In 1833 British workers organize unions (trade unions) and local associations or by letter, for better conditions of work and life. Unions win the right to run in 1864 in France, in 1866 in the United States, and in 1869 in Germany.
Curiosity
First of May - is the date chosen in most industrial countries to celebrate Labor Day and celebrate the figure of the worker. The date comes from a working demonstration for better working conditions began on May 1, 1886, in Chicago, USA. On day 4, several workers are killed in clashes with police forces. As a result, the police arrest eight anarchists and accuses the disturbances.
Four of them are hanged, one committed suicide and three are subsequently forgiven. For this reason, since 1894, Labor Day, the United States, is celebrated on the first Monday of September.
Follows Process Industrialization
The main ones are the division of labor, mass production and development. To maximize the performance of the factories workers divided into several production operations and each worker performs a single party, always the same way (assembly line). While in the manufacturing worker produced a complete unit and knew the whole process, now becomes just part of it, limiting its field of technology on the work.
Accumulation of Capital
After Glorious Revolution the British bourgeoisie strengthens and allows the country has the largest free trade zone in Europe. Financial system is the most advanced. These factors favor the accumulation of capital and expansion of trade worldwide.
Control Field
Increasingly strengthened, bourgeoisie is also investing in the field and creates the enclosure (large farms). New farming methods allow for increased productivity and rationalization of work. So many peasants no longer have field work or are expelled from their land. They seek work in cities and are incorporated by the infant industry.
Population Growth
Advances in preventive medicine and sanitary and epidemic control are conducive to growth. Thus increases the supply of workers for the industry.
Reserves of Coal
Also has large coal reserves, the British deposits are located close to major ports, which facilitates transport and installation of coal-based industries. At that time most European countries use wood and charcoal as fuel. The internal communications and commerce are facilitated by the installation of networks of roads and canals. In 1848 the UK has 8 thousand km of railways.
Geographic Location:
The location of England, in western Europe, easy to access the most important international trade routes and to conquer overseas markets. The country has many ports and intense coastal trade.
Industrial Expansion
The second phase of the revolution (1860 to 1900) is characterized by the spread of early industrialization in France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States and Japan is a growing competition and industry of capital goods. At this stage the main changes in the production process are the use of new forms of energy (electricity and petroleum derived).
Industrial revolution - Part 2
The Industrial Revolution is characterized by industrial production in large-scale market-oriented world, with intensive use of machinery. England is the first country to do it. The British economy begins to grow in 1780, and 1840, the industry is already mechanized, there is a national network of railroads, begins to build railroads in other countries, exports locomotives, wagons, ships and industrial machinery.
Age of Inventions
In eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the technology acquires its character of modern applied science. The discoveries and inventions quickly find practical application in industry or the development of science. The scientists themselves, many also self-taught, turn into inventors, as Michael Faraday, Lord Kelvin and Benjamin Franklin.
Benjamin Franklin
(1706-1790) statesman, writer, and American inventor. Rise in Boston, in a humble family and numerous - Brothers 17. At 10 years, begins working with his father, a manufacturer of soap. At 12, employed as an apprentice at the printing of one of his brothers.
In 1723, he moved to Philadelphia when he begins to devote himself to literature and the sciences. Self-taught, learning different languages. In 1730, already owns a printing shop and the Pennsylvania Gazette. State Assembly of Pennsylvania, is dedicated to politics and scientific research. In 1752, invented the lightning rod. Fifteen years later, helps to prepare the Declaration of Independence. His portrait appears on the note of $ 100.
Electricity - The first cell produced in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, to the light bulb by Thomas Edison in 1878, thousands of researchers dedicated to studying electricity in various parts of the world. Their findings accelerate the development of physics and chemistry and industrial processes.
Thomas Alva Edison
(1847-1931) - is one of the great American inventors. Born in Ohio, the son of a worker junkyard. It is literate by the mother and, at age 12, started working as a newsagent. During the Civil War install a printer on a wagon train and began publishing the weekly newspaper The Weekly Herald, which writes, prints and sells. It is dedicated to scientific research and is one of the first to establish a commercial laboratory specializing in practical inventions. It employs tens of scientists and researchers. Until 1928, had registered more than a thousand inventions like the phonograph (1877), the incandescent lamp (1878) and the Kinetoscope (1891).
Modern Age:
In thinking about modernity, many people just think that we are referring to events, institutions and ways of doing this in the Contemporary World. In fact, this term has become easy word for many of those who try to define a single word in the world that we live. However, we think that this more dynamic context and changing out of nowhere, it has no historicity.
Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, an extraordinary amount of change established a new perception of the world, that still beats in our times. Shortening distances to reveal the nature, launch seas never before navigated were only one of the few achievements that define this historical period. In fact, perceptions of time and space, once so extensive and progressive, gained a sense more intense and volatile.
The process of formation of national monarchies can be one of the most interesting examples that show this feature. In that short space of almost four centuries, the kings of Europe attended the consummation of its hegemonic power, and experienced the various revolutions liberal defenders of the division of political power and expanding the means of policy. Thrones and parliaments have a curious ciranda in just a blink of an eye.
Moreover, if we talk so much about technology and globalization, we can not refute the intrinsic link between these two phenomena and the modern age. The advent of the Great Navigations, also contributes to the accumulation of capital in Europe, was also important for the dynamics of an intercontinental nature of trade were to happen. Thus, the economic actions taken in one place would then affect other portions of the planet.
In the eighteenth century, the scientific spirit of the Enlightenment philosophers and scientists catapulted the search for knowledge at levels never before seen. Not surprisingly, the development of new machines and instruments developed in Britain the Industrial Revolution. Soon, the economic mindset of entrepreneurs, consumers, workers and employers set changes that are felt even today.
At first glance, the modern age may seem a bit confusing because of the fluidity of various historical facts which are displayed and, shortly thereafter, if reconfigured. However, talking with more specific events, you can mark out the measures that are the bridge between the contemporary and modern times. Just have a little time ... He even seems to be so volatile in this exciting historical period.
Business works on two functions marketing & innovation. Marketing function involves packaging; this is the ultimate thing that will attract the customer to buy your product. In case your product is for the retail store selling, then the packaging will the vital factor in determining the future of your product.
Today every industry has neck robbing competition and it’s your own creativity that makes you stand out of the crowd. Do have a look, at your competitor and make yourpackaging innovative and unique to give it a personality. This is essential because every new product is being recognized from its packaging first and then the quality. So, how to achieve this? You can hire a firm for doing this work or you can do it by your own. As you know more about yourproduct, you are the ultimate person to choose the best. What you need is the unique packaging ideas. Here are 5 unique packaging ideas, which may work for you.
· Reusable package: - The beverage market is the most competitive one and the waste produced by the packages used in this industry is quite high. One way to bring the change in this is to make the package reusable as like done by POM Tea. They just packed the tea in the glass and cover it with a lid. A label on it says remove it and keep the glass. The glass after use is ready to be reused.
· Add Something Extra: - There are standard packaging technology used in every industry like in case of the pasta sauce. There will be a jar with the label on it with the name of the company and other necessary details. To stand out of the crowd just do something different on the regular package. Like packing it with a gold bow on top as in case you are gifting this to someone.
· Focus on package design: - General trend is to think about product first then the packaging. But the case should be other side. There should be focus on the packaging from the beginning so, it can present the product efficiently. It should be something that people will like to see. Create something that is beautiful.
· Create unusual: - This trend is followed in the kids industry as kids get easily attracted to some unusual things quite easily. But this is not the case; the same can be applied in case of adults also. This trend is catching up in the wine industry as they are coming up with weird and fun typepackaging that are great to watch.
· Metallic look: - The traditional way of printed labels is to print on the white or plain materials but the metallic base thoroughly blended with the colours of the print can give an astonishing look and will impact the customer right from the beginning.
These 5 unique packaging ideas are just the beginning, as the imagination has no end point. It just gets better and better with time.
The commercial production of hydrocarbons since 1917 and Venezuela today maintains its position as one of the world leaders in the oil market. Proven oil reserves currently reach approximately 65,000 million barrels. One of the largest deposits in the world, the Orinoco Belt contains recoverable volumes of over 40,000 million tonnes of Bitumen Natural, the largest known hydrocarbon deposit to date.
This reserve reflects the importance of our country as a secure supplier of energy future needs of the newly world and even the next century (XXII).
Orimulsion ® is the answer to energy needs such as non-conventional fossil fuel for electricity generation and industrial plants.
Origin of The Orimulsion
The fuel called Orimulsion ® originated from the need to extract extra oil to soil that had not initially interested in exploitation. By the time they were discovered deposits in the Orinoco Oil Belt, Venezuela and was marketing light and medium crudes, which not only could be extracted, transported and refined at a lower cost but they may get more higher value products business such as Petrol, Lubricants, Kerosene etc. The fuel was oil residue remaining after removal of the other products. The price of residual fuel is lower than the prices of other products and is used mainly as fuel in Boats, Boilers, Power Plants, residual fuel oil with coal and also the lack of economic incentive not justify exploiting raw which there was no appropriate technology.
With the passage of time were the framing into a deeper conversion to allow more than light product of oil and less and less waste.
In Venezuela, there was an oil research institute in the year 1955 setting up the School of crude at the University of Zulia and there begin the first steps to research for oil in Venezuela. At that time there was no incentive to investigate because multinational companies operating in our country did all their research in their laboratories and pilot plants Abroad.
The petroleum research firm begins with the creation of PDVSA and Intevep. The first test-firing Orimulsion ® was held in the PDC-910 in plant facilities Intevep, this event marks the birth of a new fuel and whose acceptance in the markets has led to the creation of an attractive and profitable business, the emergence of an industrial alternative for generating electricity, opening a window of opportunity for placing the resources of the Orinoco Belt and the germ of a business as-Bitor Bitumenes Orinoco.
A study of the possible schemes for production, processing, transport and combustion being carried out jointly and Intevep Lagoven, raised a number of ways, and among the unconventional route by emulsification of the bitumen and burns.
By May 1985 there is a working draft and Lagoven Intevep between seeking to establish the technical basis for the operation, handling, transporting and burning fuel which by then had called with the name of Orinoco bitumen. Among other things, the document envisaged the implementation of a technical-economic study using conventional techniques to compare the costs involved versus Orinoco coal burning fuel and fuel oil. According to the roadmap, the description of new technologies for combustion optimization Orinoco included among its piloting activities to support technical and economic studies, which successfully conducted its pilot Intevep combustion. This event marks the birth of a new fuel in the international energy market that favors the creation of markets for reserves of the Orinoco Belt and enormous satisfaction for Intevep as a liquid fuel to the market for electricity generating plants and industrial plants.
The bitumen
Definition:
The pure Bitumenes (unprocessed) are mixtures of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds characterized by their binding properties *.
It's the ability to adhere to safe inert material to come loose.
Features:
* Not oil, are called non-conventional hydrocarbons.
* The bitumen is characterized by extremely high viscosity.
* It consists of hydrogen and carbon
* They are heavier than water, unlike oil and solidify at room temperature.
The bitumen is also called the residual product of vacuum distillation of crude oil in refineries, called asphalt *
* But it really "No" is what interests us in the case of Orimulsion ®.
Orinoco Oil Belt
Education:
Millions of years ago a large part of eastern Venezuela was under water, rivers carrying millions of tons of sedimentary material to the coastal zone to form large deltas. Over time, the sea receded, exposing the largest oil deposit known to date. The evolution of this process is so fascinating that it can be seen through the fossils preserved in these sediments.
Brief:
The Orinoco Oil Belt or Faja del Orinoco Bituminous as it is called first began exploring since 1920 sporadically not located surface manifestations of hydrocarbon exploitation of Bitumen and extra-heavy oil was uneconomical due to extremely high viscosity. Thanks to a new emulsion technology * developed by Intevep (a subsidiary of PDVSA), the crude can be produced cheaply and with minimum impact on the environment
* A liquid that has small particles suspended ** insoluble in water.
** It can not dissolve
Geographic Location:
It occupies the southern edge of the Eastern Basin of Venezuela, south of the States, Guarico, Anzoategui, Monagas and Delta Amacuro, parallel to the river Orinoco. It covers an area of 600 km. from east to west and 70 km. of North-South direction for a total approximate area of 54,000 km 2.
Divisions:
It was divided into four areas of exploration and drilling such as Machete, Zuata, Hamaca and Cerro Black (currently in operation).
The vast reserves of natural bitumen reach the 42 thousand metric tons and barrels approximate. 267 billion, which ensure reliable supply to the XXII century.
Orimulsion
Definitions:
* Liquid fuel produced using technology developed by PDVSA Intevep, SA and is composed of 70% natural bitumen, 30% water plus additives to stabilize the emulsion (surfactant *).
* These are emulsifying agents are added to promote emulsion stability. They form a molecular layer that acts as a barrier, which prevents the coalescence of small gothic **.
Gothic ** Agglomeration in an emulsion to form more voluminous granules, which forms one piece
* It is the trademark (trademark) due to fossil fuel that is produced from natural bitumen mixed with water.
Features:
It is the only fuel in the world of nature, ie an aqueous base that suspends a hydrocarbon that is a byproduct of refining, looks and handles heavy fuel is burned, however, consists of droplets of bitumen suspended in water.
Components:
30% Water
59% to 60% Carbon
0.7% to 0.9% Ash
2% to 2.8% Sulfur
7.2% to 7.8% Hydrogen
0.4% to 9.58% Nitrogen
0.53% to 0.60% Oxygen
Advantages:
One advantage of this fuel is that Venezuela could sell off the share of OPEC production and exports have a high incidence, the national treasury.
Versus Coal:
* It is cheaper.
* Generates 1KW / h of electricity like the Coal
* It is easier to handle liquid and store,
* It is cleaner
Process Orimulsion
* STEP 01: EXTRACTION.
By means of machinery is made Artificial Lift Method Injection Diluent. Bitumen is then removed and diluted with water mixed gas.
* STEP 02: HEATING.
The bitumen is placed in a boiler at a temperature of 122 ° C
* Step 03 SEPARATION OF GAS.
Gas diluted bitumen is separated from the wet and the gas passes through a compression system.
* STEP 04 DEHIDRATAC ION and desalination.
The water and the diluent are separated from the diluted bitumen damp. Where would stay only a natural bitumen. The diluent is again used for another extraction
* STEP 05 MIX
The natural bitumen is mixed with fresh water and surfactant through a static mixer, then through a dynamic one, where you add more water with additives. These go back to a static mixer where you get the product known as Orimulsion ®.
Storage and handling of Orimulsion
The storage terminal is located in Jose (Edo. Anzoátegui), covers an area of 70 hectares. These facilities house eight (8) tank of 250 thousand barrels each, for a total of 2,000,000 barrels.
It has a pumping system consisting of 15 pumps, which allow 4200 barrels per hour charge for each tanker.
Having started commercial supplies of Orimulsion ®, experiences in the facilities used by BITOR in Venezuela and foreign countries have shown that the product is stable for long periods of time.
Preliminary results show that make the conversion to Orimulsion ® in any type of boiler designed to burn Fuel Oil N ° 06 or Charcoal.
They also confirmed that the system, management and distribution of Orimulsion ® is not affected when the process is done through centrifugal screw pumps or low speed and maintaining the product despite accessories used in handling systems such as valves, elbows connections "T" reductions and expansions in pipes.
Transportation of Orimulsion
There are two types of transport, they are:
Transport:
It consists in the transfer of Orimulsion ® through a system of pipes 36 inches and 160 km long. It is technically simple and economical means of transport to another.
This transfer will be done as follows:
1. BLACK HILL-MORICHAL:
The pipeline extends from Black Mountain (Edo. Monagas) which makes the extraction process, until Morichal (Edo. Monagas) where the bitumen is processed, this first shipment covers only 70 km.
2. MORICHAL - JOSE:
This second shipment is of 310 km., It is made from black pudding to the Jose Terminal Storage (Edo. Anzoátegui)
* Shipping:
It is performed by injection of Orimulsion ®, from the Monoboya to the Tanker.
The monobuoy has three (3) floating hoses that are connected with the tanker, for the Charging of Orimulsion ®. Monoboya Note that the load is not only for the tankers, but tie-point them.
The tankers are double-hulled vessels that carry 250 thousand tons of Orimulsion ®. Berthing and sailing can be performed in harsh environmental conditions, requiring less assistance from tugs.
The energy potential of Orimulsion
Orimulsion ® is an environmental and economic alternative for the silver electric operated efficiently to other energy sources.
It can be used for different applications:
* Conventional power plants (steam turbines)
* In diesel engines for power generation.
* In cement plants.
* To feed systems for gasification combined cycle.
* As a fuel for sunburned (reburning) Orimulsion ® due to its excellent combustion properties can be used with this technique with outstanding results. The scorched to reduce up to 65% of NOx produced during combustion process.
Current Market of Orimulsion
BITOR PDVSA is a Business Unit of PDVSA Exploration and Production division, which belongs to Oil and Gas, a subsidiary of Petroleos de Venezuela, SA responsible for holding and emulsification of natural bitumen, and supply and marketing of Orimulsion ®.
Currently, Orimulsion ® is widely marketed on three continents. To meet and satisfy the needs of customers, PDVSA BITOR is headquartered in Caracas, Venezuela, serving the China market, Korea, Philippines and Latin America. It also has subsidiaries in North America (BITOR AMERICA CORPORATION), Europe (BITOR EUROPE LIMITED), (BITOR ITALIA SRL) and Asia (MC BITOR LIMITED), in order to meet market demands and our customers.
Bitor America Corporation is a wholly owned subsidiary of BITOR, registered in the United States, headquartered works in Boca Raton, Florida. It is responsible for market Orimulsion ® in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico.
Bitor Europe Limited, with offices in London, is a company registered in the UK, whose aim is the marketing of Orimulsion ® in the countries of northern Europe and from Africa.
MC Bitor Limited, is responsible for the development of trade agreements in the Far East, with responsibility for markets in Asia and Oceania. It is a joint venture between Mitsubishi Corporation and BITOR, in which each partner has a 50% shareholding. Their offices are in Tokyo.
Power plants working with orimulsion
The basic customers who have greater experience with the use of Orimulsion ® as are Japan, Canada and Denmark. These customers have provided the basis and reference to Venezuela has been able to market Orimulsion ®, as they have obtained satisfactory results. Currently you can add to this group of countries Italy, since it is one customer that has burned more than Orimulsion ® to any other customer, but still not have a significant track record, because you only have two years in the market Orimulsion ®.
The following briefly explains the features which have the plant in Japan, Canada and Denmark.
Kashima, kita. Japan.
Conversion units: 125 and 95 MW (megawatts).
* FGD (Flu Gas Desulfurication) installed before use of Orimulsion ®
* They use Orimulsion ® since 1991.
* Replaced Fuel Oil / refinery waste.
* Compliance with stringent environmental standards.
* Recovery of metals from the ashes.
* This is an example of clean and efficient combustion of Orimulsion ®
* Was the basis for project approval gobo (4400 mw) using 50 / 50 fuel oil / Orimulsion ®
Dalhousie, CNAD.
* Conversion units: 215 and 100 MW (megawatts).
* Installed FGD (Flu Gas Desulfurication) to control sulfur emissions.
* Using Orimulsion ® at full capacity since 1994.
* Replaced coal high in sulfur / Fuel Oil
* Compliance with stringent environmental standards.
* Community satisfied by improving environmental quality
* 1995 Prize magazine "power" by:
Demonstrate commercial viability of Orimulsion ® in North America.
Innovative response to fuel oil price fluctuations.
* Mayor and local government representatives Dalhousie allies that support the use of Orimulsion ® worldwide. Mayor participated in meetings of "Sitting Board in defense of the proposed conversion of the plant Manatee FP & L
Asnaes, denmark.
* FGD (Flu Gas Desulfurication) installed in 1993.
* The plant can use coal and liquid fuels.
* Using Orimulsion ® since 1995 in unit of 650 MW (megawatts).
* One of the most efficient power plants in Europe.
* Complying with environmental standards in Europe
* This is an example of clean and efficient combustion of Orimulsion ®
* Orimulsion ® has enabled:
1. Reduce by 15% the emissions of carbon dioxide vs. Coal.
2. Reduce production vs. Ash. Coal.
3. Ash processed in the UK (Harwich)
International trading companies.
or NORTH AMERICA.
Bitor America Corporation.
or EUROPE
Bitor Europe Limited
or Far East.
MC Bitor Limited
Current portfolio of projects
South Korea.
With Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is developing a project to convert Young Nam Plant (2 x 200 MW) currently operating at very low load. It is estimated that the plant will begin to use Orimulsion ® in 2003.
China.
With China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) are developing commercial tests on the soles of Shengli, Xindian and Shanghai Jinshan Petrochemical. In the year 2000 are estimated supply of 500 thousand tons. After the tests will start the installation of gas cleaning equipment in the plants in question and allow the continued use of Orimulsion ®. The amount of Orimulsion ® that will burn continuously between 2 and 4 million tons per year from 2002.
Brazil.
With Conoco Power is structuring the project to use Orimulsion ® at the plant in Santa Cruz (2 x 100 + 1x200 MW), which is in the bidding process FURNAS, state-owned utility
Brazilian.
Canada.
With New Brunswick are negotiating terms for the conversion of Coleson Cove plant (3 x 330 MW) of fuel oil to Orimulsion ®, beginning to use from 1.6 to 2.4 million tonnes per year from 2004. This would be the second floor of Orimulsion ® in Canada.
Northern Ireland.
With North Ireland Generation (nigen) is developing a project to convert Kilroot Plant (2 x 300 MW) currently uses coal and fuel oil as fuel. It is estimated that the plant will begin to burn Orimulsion in 2003.
Other Projects.
Other projects are being developed in Canada, USA, Philippines, Germany, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, Guatemala and Costa Rica
Future Market
New power plant in Guatemala.
* Building a new power plant with a capacity of 150 megawatts.
* The plant will have gas cleaning equipment FGD (Flu Gas Desulfurication) and ESP (electrostatic precipitator).
* Begin operating in 2001.
* The estimated consumption of Orimulsion Serra 300.000TM year.
* It would be the first plant in Latin America to use Orimulsion.
* The total investment is 270 million dollars.
The winning consortium Guatemalan Generating Group, Orimulsion supply with the lowest cost generation in the Central American area.
New power plants, Dominican Republic.
* Project for a new plant of 200 megawatts.
* You will have gas cleaning equipment FGD (Flu Gas Desulfurication) and ESP (electrostatic precipitator).
* The use of Orimulsion will be in the order of 500,000 MT per year.
* Is expected to begin operations in about 3 years would be located in San Pedro de Macoris.