History of Science
Australopithecus, the first man on earth was found in the African continent 1.5 lakh years ago. But the age human culture is only 6-7 thousand years. Among these years, only 400-500 years comprises the history of scientific development of man. The Roman Empire came to an end in the year 476. After the death of Aristotle, the period of 1000 years is known as Middle Age. The Modern Science came into existence in true sense from the 16th century. In the next four years, the science took a big leap. In the sixteenth century, many scientists like Leonardo-da Vinci, Corpincus, Bruno, Cooper, Gilbert and Galileo made new inventions.
During eighteenth and nineteenth century, the field of science expanded rapidly.
The scientists like Benjamin Thompson, James Watt, Grey, Dafe, Hansen, Benjamin Franklin, and Michael Faraday made various inventions in the field of Physics which led to the development of Railway, Stem Boat, Telescope and Telephone.
In the field of Chemistry, scientists like Kewhendish, Joseph Black, Joseph Priestley, Lavhacea, Dalton, and Devhia made important inventions.
In the field of Biology, scientists like Karl Linnaeus, Coheir, Sheldon, Shawn, Leymark, and Darwin made their important contribution through their inventions.
During the 18th and 19th century, the medical field developed exceptionally well. The prominent inventions of this period were;
a) The development of small pox vaccine by Jenner.
b) Introduction of Germ Theory by Louis Pasteur.
c) The discovery of Cholera and Cancer causing viruses by Robert Cock.
From the twentieth century, the basic branch of science divided into various sub branches.
a) Specialized branches like Astronomy, Botany and Zoology were developed.
b) A revolution took place in the medical science.
c) The man made satellites were launched in the space.
d) Man set his foot on the moon.
e) Space crafts were landed on Mars.
f) In the twenty-first century, the field of information technology evolved with the invention of computers.
The evolution of science and Technology:
From the middle of 16th century to 18th century, the observation and experimentation methods gained a lot of success. Along with the development of science and technology, there took place a scientific evolution. Following principles and theorems led to this evolution:
1) Gresham College, the first institute of science was started in England in 1579.
2) The revolutionary model of solar system, developed by Copernicus, helped in the improvement of astronomical calculations.
3) The position of planets was correctly described by Tyco Brahe and Kepler.
4) The Telescope was invented by Galileo, a professor of Physics and Military Engineering. Through the telescope, he visualized and stated that, the surface of moon is rough and there are mountains and rivers on the moon.
5) Galileo came to the conclusion, that there is a similarity between the Corpincus theory of earth revolving around the sun and the theory of three moons revolving around the Jupiter. He presented his conclusion in a book called Sedaris Nunteaus.
6) Newton continued the Galileo’s scientific tradition. He set the scientific principles regarding the speed of objects.
7) The seventeenth century was known as Newton’s Age. His Law of Gravitation proved a milestone in the world of science.
On the basis of this law, Newton stated the concepts of
a) Lunar and solar eclipse.
b) Position of stars and planets
c) High tide and low tide
d) Light diffusion.
He wrote a popular book called Principia based on the Law of Gravitation.
8) He laid down the universal Law of Gravitation. His law is applicable to all the moving particles and objects in the universe.
9) The path of every moving object can be fixed on the basis of Newtonian Mechanics.
10) Blood circulation in human body, this discovery of William Harvey proved to be a turning point in the medical field. This gave birth to two new fields: Anatomy of Body and Physiology of Body.
11) The industrial revolution gave birth to various modern cities like Great Britain, France, Germany, Holland, U.S.A etc. this changed the lifestyle of the people residing in these modern cities.
12) The steam engine used in industries, railways and boats, is the soul of industrial revolution.
13) The Coulomb’s law in 1970 gave,
a) The rule of attraction and repulsion
b) The discovery of electricity and radio waves.
This gave birth to a new field called as Electromagnetism.
14) In the 19th century, the discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur and his germ theory has brought remarkable changes in the medical science.
Science and Technology of the 19th century:
The nineteenth century was very important era for scientific development. Due to industrialization, science and technological field was in demand in Western Europe and America. There was an increasing demand for improved products and objects, chemicals, bridges, tunnels etc. Darwin’s theory of evolution gave a new turn to the field of science. Fields like Organic Chemistry and microbial science came into existence, which caused a co-ordination between physical science and biological science.
The various discoveries of this period were as follows:
1) Hugeness and Libnets set up the concept of energy.
2) Edward Jenner invented the small pox vaccine.
3) Louie Pasteur did research on the Anthrax disease caused to sheep. Besides this he also did research on:
a) Why alcohol gets rotten?
b) Which types of diseases are caused to silkworms?
c) What should be done on getting bitten by a mad dog?
4) Lenak developed the machine to check the heart beats.
5) James Simpson discovered the Anaesthesia.
6) Ronald Ross discovered the origin of Malaria.
7) On the basis of the concept of Struggle for Existence, Darwin stated that, every organism tries to struggle in order to adjust with the environment. Any such quality which helps the organism to adjust with the environment proves important to him and he tries to preserve that quality. The organism which becomes successful in achieving and preserving such quality gets selected for living. This is called as Survival of the Fittest. This concept forms the core of evolution.
All this concepts and theorems of Darwin are published in his book called Origin of Species.
8) The engineering field experienced remarkable changes during the period of 1870-1900, which included:
a) The manufacturing of Siberian railway and Canadian Pacific railway.
b) The construction of Eiffel Tower.
c) The discovery of fuel engines and automobiles.
d) The construction of airplanes.
e) The Suez Canal and Panama canals were formed.
9) The Besmear Process of steel manufacturing was known in 1950, which increased the rate of steel manufacturing.
10) John Mac maiden developed the technique of construction of metal road. This brought a revolution in the field of communication
.
11) John Dunlop prepared rubber tyres and helped in the development of communication and transportation.
12) In 1876, Graham Bell invented Telephone and in 1896, Marconi invented wireless message system which gradually gave birth to Radio. The wireless message system converts the vibration of human waves into electromagnetic waves. Semi conductors were used for the first time in this process. Marconi received Nobel Prize for his invention.
13) The fuel engines were widely used in the automobiles by the end of nineteenth century. Karl Benz developed a diesel car whereas Henry Ford started manufacturing of motor cars on large scale.
14) The automobile revolution led to the development of huge petrol and diesel industries.
By the end of nineteenth century, all the roads in the world were accumulated by vehicles.
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